Monday, March 17, 2014

鰻苗、消毒與孵化率

希望真的有用!~!!
Volumes 426–427, 20 April 2014, Pages 1–8

Microbial interference and potential control in culture of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) embryos and larvae

Highlights

European eel larviculture suffers from unpredictability in egg and larval quality.
Microbial interference was found to affect European eel egg and larvae production.
We emphasise the importance of microbial management during egg and larval incubation.

Abstract

Recent experimental research applying hormonally induced maturation in European eel has resulted in production of viable eggs and yolk-sac larvae. However, present incubation and larval rearing conditions are suboptimal and few larvae survive until onset of first feeding. The aim of this work was to investigate if high mortality during egg incubation and larval culture resulted from microbial interference. By suppressing microbial coverage and activity on fertilised eel eggs using antibiotic and disinfection treatment, egg hatching success and larval longevity were significantly improved. A new approach based on scanning electron microscopy was developed to quantify microbial coverage of eggs. Measurements of microbial coverage in combination with growth curves of egg-associated bacteria indicated that microbial activity rather than physical coverage led to reduced hatch success. In addition, an inverse relationship between microbial coverage of eggs and larval survival indicated that attachment of micro-organisms on the egg surface during the last 24 h of incubation affected later larval survival. These results suggest that microbial control through application of egg surface disinfection in combination with microbial management will be fundamental for improved post-hatch larval survival.

Keywords

  • Bacteria
  • Biofilm
  • Chorion
  • Larval rearing
  • Egg incubation leptocephalus

Monday, March 10, 2014

日本今年夏天成鰻市場價格依然維持高檔

日本今年夏天成鰻市場價格依然維持高檔
  繼台灣與中國大陸陸續呈現鰻苗豐收現象後,日本在2013年末、2014初之大潮期結束後,每個產地也聽見各式各樣的漁獲豐收之消息。日本國內養鰻池之入池放養也隨之順利展開,迄2013年12月24日為止,根據業界團體之調查顯示,已有4公噸的入池量,比2012年倍增,雖然來不及供給今年伏天丑(盛夏)商戰,但是秋天成鰻生產產量增加已可確定。鰻魚是日本特有的一年生養殖品種,若要在晚夏到秋天出貨成鰻供給市場需求的話,在每年1月中旬至少必須有7-10公噸之入池量,但這是過去數年鰻苗漁況不佳的說法,今年到時有超過10公噸入池量之趨勢,即使較慢進入漁期的日本宮崎縣,也在2013年末之大潮後,漁況有好轉之趨勢,其經由鰻苗協議會交易之鰻苗到1月7日已有180公斤,但距漁期結束還有兩個多月,所以已超過去年整個漁期之170公斤鰻苗漁獲量,且今年捕獲之鰻苗1公斤約有5,500尾(平常1公斤約有5,000尾),魚苗健康而有活力。銷售價格在海邊之行情是1公斤60萬日圓,不到去年四分之一,因為不滿價格暴跌,而經由黑市管道買賣者不在少數,估計是經由鰻苗協議會交易量之數倍。
  另一方面,台灣鰻苗漁期雖然已接近尾聲,但一天內仍有30公斤之採捕量,據進口業者表示,中國大陸每天也有350公斤之採捕量,因此鰻苗之價格行情持續疲軟,甚至已跌至歐洲鰻價格之水準以下,這些鰻線除經香港輸往日本外,其國內之入池量也順利進行中,甚至一些被廢棄養殖池數量減少也有再度增加之現象。然而,台灣與中國大陸也是一年的養殖週期,其成鰻上市也是今年年末,對日本最需要之今年夏季市場之活鰻、加工鰻幫助不大,即夏季日本活鰻市場之供給量還是太少而維持高價格水準之行情是不變的。

(許金漢,摘譯自日刊水產經濟新聞,10 January 2014)

Cilostazol 的副作用,鰻魚也有!

Review: could Cilostazol cause High blood sugar?

(By on )

Severity ratings: 4.0/4
On a scale of 1 to 4: 1=least, 2=moderate, 3=severe, 4=most severe
We study 2,310 people who take Cilostazol. Among them, 33 have High blood sugar. See who they are, when they have High blood sugar and more. This review is based on reports from FDA and social media, and is updated regularly.

For patients like me, how are my drugs? On eHealthMe, you can research 300 million drug outcomes from FDA and social media. We use data reported since 1977 till to date. All studies are personalized to gender and age. Start now >>>
Cilostazol
Cilostazol (latest outcomes from 2,338 users) has active ingredients of cilostazol. It is often used in arteriosclerosis of the extremities. Commonly reported side effects of Cilostazol include hypotension, fall, weakness, pneumonia, fever.

High blood sugar

High blood sugar (high blood sugar) (latest reports from 138,937 patients) has been reported by people with high blood pressure, diabetes, type 2 diabetes, depression, bipolar disorder.
On Feb, 10, 2014: 2,310 people reported to have side effects when taking Cilostazol. Among them, 30 people (1.30%) have High Blood Sugar.
Trend of High blood sugar in Cilostazol reports

Time on Cilostazol when people have High blood sugar * :

< 1 month1 - 6 months6 - 12 months1 - 2 years2 - 5 years5 - 10 years10+ years
High blood sugar0.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%100.00%0.00%0.00%

Gender of people who have High blood sugar when taking Cilostazol * :

FemaleMale
High blood sugar30.00%70.00%

Age of people who have High blood sugar when taking Cilostazol * :

0-12-910-1920-2930-3940-4950-5960+
High blood sugar0.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%12.00%16.00%72.00%

Severity of High blood sugar when taking Cilostazol ** :

leastmoderateseveremost severe
High blood sugar0.00%0.00%0.00%100.00%

Wednesday, March 05, 2014

cilostazol 對鰻魚人工催熟卵巢初期發育的影響


發表於 2014 年 The Asia and Oceania Society for the Comparative Endocrinology (AOSCE) 會議
 
 
Effects of the Cilostazol (a specific phosphodiesterase type inhibitor) on primary-secondary oocyte development in the induced Japanese eel

 
Zhu C.-W. 1, Lee Y.-H. 2, Chang C.-F. 3 and Huang Y.-S.1*

1Depart. Life Sci., Natl. Univ. of Kaoshiung, Taiwan. 2 Tungkang Biotech. Res. Center, TFRI., Taiwan. 3 Depart, Aquaculture, Natl. Taiwan Ocean Univ., Keelung, Taiwan.

e-mail: yshuang@nuk.edu.tw

 
The stimulatory effects of gonadotropins upon ovarian development are provoked by the intracellular cAMP production in mammals. Cilostazol (Pletal®) is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III (PDE3, mainly located in mammalian ovarian follicle cells) and mediates its effects by increasing cellular cAMP levels. Furthermore, cilostazol-induced vasculo-angiogenesis effects have also been shown, but there is no data on its effects in fish. We address this question in the Japanese eel, since its ovarian development could be manipulated to study if cilostazol can ameliorate induced ovarian development or reinforce ovarian angiogenesis. Eels were treated with salmon pituitary extracts (SPE), cilostazol (cilo), or the combination (SPE+cilo) twice a week for 6 weeks. In the end, the ovarian tissues, gas glands, and blood of treated eels were sampled. The data showed that the GSI (gonadal index) and RMSI (gas glands index) were both stimulated by SPE while the levels of blood glucose (BG) significantly (x2.5) stimulated in the SPE+cilo group uniquely as compared with the controls; the positive effect of SPE or cilo alone on RMSI was showed, an added positive effect on RMSI was seen in the SPE+cilo group; the positive effect of SPE on GSI seemed inhibited by cilo, more interesting, cilo alone inhibited GSI significantly (x0.75) as compared with the controls. The distributions of oocyte diameters in each group were tested, cilo alone inhibited maximal oocyte diameters as compared with the controls, and the positive effect of SPE on maximal oocyte diameters was also inhibited by cilo. Our results suggested that a continuing administration of PDE3 inhibitor had inhibitory effects on the induced ovarian development in the Japanese eel, and intracellular cAMP levels seem to be temporal and spatial regulated in the eel ovarian follicles.                         

 
Keyword: Anguilla japonica, development, oocyte, phosphodiesterase inhibitor,

Saturday, February 15, 2014

2014年小日本對鰻魚人工繁殖的回顧報告(含免費原始文章pdf檔網址)

寫得還不錯,算是重要參考文章!


上課囉

貓咪教我們的遺傳學

上課囉
上課囉
上課囉
(http://eportfolio.lib.ksu.edu.tw/~4980K016/wiki/index.php/%E8%B2%93%E5%92%AA%E6%95%99%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E7%9A%84%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8)
貓咪教我們的遺傳學
貓兒的毛色花樣眾多,有典型的橘色虎斑、帶著白底的花貓、好像洗澡沒洗乾淨的玳瑁貓,與在日本人眼中象徵財富的三色貓。這些毛色竟然暗藏了遺傳學的秘密?
如果有人說:「我敢賭,這隻橘貓是公貓。」最好不要跟他賭,因為橘貓是母貓的機率頂多只有1/3;如果有人說:「我敢賭,這隻三色貓是母貓。」那千萬別跟他賭,因為帶有黑、橘、白色的三色貓與橘、黑交雜的玳瑁貓幾乎都是母貓(見右圖)。
從橘貓認識性聯遺傳
 其實影響貓咪毛色的基因很多,但決定「橘色」的基因正好位在影響性別的「性染色體」上,這種與性別有關的遺傳,稱為「性聯遺傳」。
 讓貓毛呈橘色的基因位在X性染色體上(代號XO),是一個顯性基因;相對於XO,隱性基因為XO,能讓貓毛呈現其他顏色,如黑色或棕色。公貓的性染色體為XY,只有一個X染色體,而Y上並沒有相對應的毛色基因,因此X染色體上的基因便決定了公貓的毛色,帶有XO的就呈橘色,帶有XO 的就不呈橘色(見下表)。
玳瑁貓的X染色體失活作用
 但對於有兩個X染色體的母貓來說,必須兩個X染色體都帶有XO基因才會是橘貓,當牠的基因型是XOXO 時,不會像一般基因那樣只表現顯性基因的特徵,而變成橘、黑兩種顏色交雜分佈的玳瑁貓,這是因為其中一個X染色體會收縮成為巴氏體(Barr body)而失去活性,稱為「X染色體失活作用(X-inactivation)」,因此玳瑁貓幾乎都是母貓。
 由於X染色體失活作用是隨機發生在胚胎發育的早期,所以一隻帶有XOXO的母貓,牠有些區塊的皮膚細胞表現的是XO 基因,長出來的毛呈現黑色;另一些皮膚細胞則表現XO基因,長出橘色的毛,因而黑與橘的毛色會呈區塊交雜出現,成為所謂的「玳瑁貓」。
讓貓的毛色呈橘色的基因位在X染色體上,為一個顯性基因,代號XO,而其他則為隱性基因,代號XO。不同毛色的貓交配所產下的子代中,玳瑁貓全為母貓,而橘貓只有1/3為母貓。
三色貓與上位基因
 貓的毛色非常多變,除了讓毛色呈橘色的XO基 因之外,還有許多其他基因會影響毛色、色塊等的分佈。以讓貓呈現白色斑塊的「白色覆蓋基因」(W)為例:帶有WW或Ww的貓,會在遠離背脊的地方出現白色 斑塊,有些只有四肢末端出現白色,就是俗稱的「白趾」、「白襪」,也有些面部、下巴、腹部、四肢全呈白色,只剩下背脊附近還有少許其他色塊;無論白色色塊 是大或小,只要有「遠端白色」的特徵,便顯示牠們帶有W基因。
 白色覆蓋基因的功能非常特別,一如它的名稱,顯性基因(W)存在時,能干擾貓咪原有毛色基因對毛皮 的影響,使一部份皮膚失去產生色素的能力,於是長出了不具色素的白毛,看起來就像是身上有一部份毛色被白色覆蓋掉似的,這種會干擾其他基因使其無法表現應 有特徵的基因,稱為「上位基因(epistatic gene)」,而且干擾通常發生在遠離背脊的部位。
 因身上帶有橘、黑、白三種毛色而得名的三色貓,正是帶有XOXO 及WW或Ww的貓咪,牠的毛色是染色體失活作用與白色覆蓋基因交互作用的結果:不同的X染色體失去活性,使體皮膚細胞有些呈現XO 基因的黑色,有些呈現XO基因的橘色,而離背脊較遠部份的白色,則是受了W基因的影響。
 正常情況下,只有母貓會發生X染色體失活作用,所以三色貓和玳瑁貓幾乎都是母貓。公貓除非是性染色體異常或XO基因受損,才可能出現三色或玳瑁色。根據估計,出現三色公貓的機會低於1/3000,這也是為什麼某些民族──像是日本人,將飼養一隻三色公貓視為無上的幸運!
三色公貓哪裡來?
 只有在極罕見的情況下,才可能出現公的玳瑁貓或三色貓。首先是公貓必須帶有超過一個X染色體,例如 XXY、XXXY、XXYY……,由於貓只要帶有一個以上的X染色體,細胞必然會發生X染色體失活作用,只保留一個X染色體具有活性,其他全聚縮為巴氏 體。如果這隻不正常公貓帶的X染色體,正巧有些帶有XO基因、有些帶有XO 基因,在隨機發生X染色體失活作用之後,就會變成一隻公的玳瑁貓或三色貓。然而由於性染色體的數目異常,這樣的公貓通常不具有生殖能力。
 另一種更不常見的狀況是這隻公貓的基因在胚胎發育過程中發生突變,皮膚細胞的部份前驅細胞XO基因受損,之後,正常與不正常的細胞分別增生、發育,包覆公貓的體表,正常的皮膚細胞仍長出橘色的毛,但XO基因受損的皮膚細胞無法讓毛色呈現橘色,而呈現其他顏色(通常是黑色),兩種以上的毛色交錯出現,便成為玳瑁貓或三色貓。這樣的貓只是部份細胞的基因發生變異,性染色體數目正常,所以仍具有生殖能力。
延伸閱讀
........................................................................................................................................................................
《X染色體──命運幕後的黑手》,David Bainbridge著,陳雅茜譯,天下文化
《蝴蝶、斑馬與胚胎:探索演化發生學之美》,Sean B. Carroll著,王惟芬譯,商周出版
《雞隻外貌的遺傳多樣性》,陳志峰著,國立編譯館
高三課本《生物》下冊

http://sa.ylib.com/saeasylearn/saeasylearnshow.asp?FDocNo=1381&CL=88

貓薄荷的祕密

貓薄荷讓貓皇帝龍心大悅的祕密

(http://pansci.tw/archives/56502)

貓皇帝可不單是貓奴這麼稱呼,牠們或許也真的覺得自己就像不可一世的皇帝,蹲據在衣櫃上、樓梯間、電視上,向下俯瞰紛擾的人世,散發一種渾然天成的孤傲氣質。但無論再怎麼端莊的貓,聞到貓薄荷之後,也會不顧形象地翻滾、磨蹭,就像嗑了藥一樣。究竟是為什麼貓薄荷會讓貓這麼High?
貓薄荷(Nepeta cataria),其實是一種荊芥屬的植物,和薄荷(Mentha)不同。早在200多年前,博物學家約翰雷(John Ray)就已經注意到貓薄荷會讓貓「幸福到想翻滾」,不過一直到了1960年代,才開始有科學研究這個現象。當時還是哈佛大學博士生的陶德(Todd, N. B.),是第一位用科學方法研究「貓薄荷狂熱」的科學家。
他發現,貓薄荷含有一種叫荊芥內酯(Nepetalactone)的化合物,是讓貓咪為之瘋狂的關鍵。荊芥內酯和公貓尿液中的某些代謝物相似,於是母貓聞了以後會有類似發情的反應 [1]。但是3年後,帕雷(G F Palen)和戈達德(G V Goddard)發表的研究則認為,荊芥內酯可以讓貓咪表皮更敏感,打滾可以讓牠們感覺舒服一些 [2]。無論是什麼原因,荊芥內酯確實是讓貓咪High的關鍵。
雖然陶德發現荊芥內酯和公貓尿液中的某些成分相似,但荊芥內酯卻不是像費洛蒙一樣作用。費洛蒙的感官是「犛鼻器」(vomeronasal organ, VNO),是在嗅覺以外的另一個化學受器。1985年一篇研究中,研究團隊移除了貓咪的犛鼻器,發現貓咪對貓薄荷仍然非常狂熱,但是移除嗅球後,貓咪就對貓薄荷明顯冷靜許多。因此,研究團隊認為,貓咪是藉由嗅覺接收到荊芥內酯,才引起古怪行為的 [3]。
貓咪要過了6個月大之後才會對貓薄荷有反應,但並不是所有貓咪都會對貓薄荷有反應,大約一成多的貓咪對貓薄荷無感。陶德觀察了84隻貓咪之後,在他1962年發表的研究中認為,貓咪對貓薄荷有反應,是一種顯性的體染色體遺傳,而且和毛色遺傳無關 [4]。就像中學生物課教的Aa×Aa普氏方格表(Punnett square)一樣,假如貓爸媽都是對貓薄荷有感的異型合子Aa,那麼就有四分之三的機會生下對貓薄荷有感的貓小孩。
此外,陶德也發現不只是家貓,其他野外的大貓,像是豹、山貓、非洲獅也會對貓薄荷有反應,實在很難相信印象中威猛的萬獸之王,會像小貓一樣翻滾、磨蹭。Hayashi曾經測試貓薄荷對數種動物的反應,包括狗、兔子、老鼠、豬…等等,結果發現只有貓會對貓薄荷有反應 [5],好在這項研究沒有讓貓薄荷改名。
貓薄荷含有的荊芥內酯除了可以讓貓皇上龍心大悅之外,科學家還發現,荊芥內酯驅逐蟑螂的效果是市售驅蟲劑主要成分DEET的100倍 [6]。除了貓薄荷,西歐甘松香(Valeriana celtica)也含有荊芥內酯,還有被稱作木天蓼的葛棗獼猴桃(Actinidia polygama)、纈草(Valeriana officinalis)所含的獼猴桃鹼(actinidine)、草蓯蓉(Boschniakia rossica)的草蓯蓉醛鹼(boschniakine)和草蓯蓉內酯(boschnialactone)、睡菜(Menyanthes trifoliata)的mitsugashiwalactone ……等等植物,總共有14種化學分子已經被研究證實能引起「貓狂熱」。
有趣的是,有些蟲子也能讓讓貓為之瘋狂。像是隱翅蟲Cafius屬、Creophilus屬、Gabrius屬、Hesperus屬和Philonthu屬的種類,分泌出的化學防禦物質也含有獼猴桃鹼。不只是隱翅蟲,澳洲肉食蟻(Iridomyrmex purpureus)所含的dihydro-nepetalactone,或是阿根廷螞蟻(Iridomyrmex humilis)、北美螞蟻(Iridomyrmex pruinosus)體內的阿根廷蟻素(Iridomyrmecin)、異阿根廷蟻素(Isoiridomyrmecin)也能引起「貓狂熱」。
雖然科學解開了貓薄荷的秘密,但為什麼貓薄荷會帶有荊芥內酯又剛好能讓貓咪狂熱,或許就跟貓奴為什麼會對貓皇帝死心踏地一樣千年難解,卻又是個不爭的事實。
參考資料:
  1. N.B. Todd (1963). The catnip response. Doctoral dissertationHarvard Biological Laboratories.
  2. Palen, G. F., & Goddard, G. V. (1966). Catnip and oestrous behaviour in the cat. Animal Behaviour, 14(2), 372-377.
  3. Hart, B. L., & Leedy, M. G. (1985). Analysis of the catnip reaction: mediation by olfactory system, not vomeronasal organ. Behavioral and Neural Biology44(1), 38-46.
  4. TODD, N. B. (1962). Inheritance of the catnip response in domestic cats. Journal of Heredity53(2), 54-56.
  5. Hayashi, T. (1968). Motor reflexes of cats to Actinidia polygama (Japan) and to catnip (U.S.A.). Pages 351-358 in N. N. Tanyolag, ed., Theories of odor and odor measurement. N. N. Tanyolac, Istanbul.
  6. Catnip Repels Mosquitoes More Effectively Than DEET. ScienceDaily. [Aug. 28, 2001]
  7. Tucker, A. O., & Tucker, S. S. (1988). Catnip and the catnip response. Economic Botany, 42(2), 214-231.

Thursday, January 23, 2014

鰻魚凍,aspic d'anguille

鰻魚凍


鰻魚凍英文Jellied eels)是一道起源於18世紀倫敦菜,最初出現在英國倫敦東區
是用濃湯煮歐洲鰻鱺段,並在煮熟後冷卻製成的。

歷史

位於佩克漢的M Manze餐館,出售鰻魚凍
這道菜價格便宜、營養豐富而容易準備。而鰻魚在泰晤士河中曾是很常見的生物,故而受到窮人的喜愛。
第一家出售鰻魚凍的餐廳開張於18世紀,現存最老的鰻魚凍餐廳則是1902年開業的M Manze。
第二次世界大戰之後,倫敦出現了數百家出售鰻魚凍的餐廳,稱作Eel Pie & Mash Houses。
1960年代之後,泰晤士河水質量得到改善,一度減少的鰻魚又開始增多了。[3]

製作

傳統上,這道菜使用的是倫敦當地的歐洲鰻鱺。鰻魚切片後放入鍋中,加煮熟,冷卻前加入肉豆蔻
檸檬汁。在煮鱔魚時,魚體內的膠質會使得湯逐漸凝稠,有時也會加入明膠。從倫敦高檔餐廳到街邊小
攤都會有這道菜的身影。
鱔魚凍有時會與另一道倫敦名菜牛肉餡餅和馬鈴薯泥一起被食用,加上辣椒醋。

英國之外的其他地區

義大利也有同樣的菜,一般叫做「anguilla」(字面意思即鰻魚),使用義大利香醋調味。
法國人稱這道菜為「aspic d'anguille」,德國人稱之為「Aal in Aspik」,都是「鰻魚凍」的意思。
巴斯克地區有一道菜叫做「txitxardin」,西班牙其他地區亦稱「angulas」,是由幼鰻做成的。


Tuesday, January 14, 2014

海流與鰻魚


New analysis of ocean currents may solve eel mystery

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25505612)
A new analysis of wind-driven Atlantic currents may help scientists solve a mysterious decline in eel numbers.
These secretive creatures are born in the Sargasso Sea but migrate to Europe where they spend most of their lives.
But unexplained fluctuations in the numbers of those traversing the ocean have thwarted efforts to save the species.
Now researchers believe they have built a computer model that will accurately predict the level of migration.
Smoked, fried or boiled, eels remain a popular dish in many parts of Europe, particularly at Christmas.
Newspaper reports in the UK have indicated an upsurge in their consumption due to the recession as the fish are cheap and nutritious.
But numbers of European eels have declined rapidly in recent decades and scientists have struggled to explain the reasons behind the drop.
Transparent elvers
Complicating matters is the creature's complex life cycle. They are born in the Sargasso Sea, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
The young, called elvers, are sometimes known as glass eels, as you can literally see through them.
Carried by the Gulf stream, they end up in European rivers where they can spend 20 years before embarking on the return voyage to spawn.
A team of scientists has now managed to simulate these journeys on a mass scale, using a computer model that followed 8 million tiny drifting particles that represented the eel larvae. This model simulation covered the years between 1960 and 2005.
The researchers found that small scale, wind-driven ocean currents strongly determined fluctuations in eel populations in Europe.
The numbers were big when favourable currents made for a short trip. But when the currents changed and the journeys were much longer, fewer elvers survived.
"There is a clear link," Dr Christophe Eizaguirre from Queen Mary, University of London told BBC News.
"If the weather changes then there is a clear risk for the eel population."
The destruction of river habitats and infections with a parasite have also impacted the eel numbers. But researchers believe that, if they can't figure out the scale of returning young, they won't be able to save thisendangered species.
"Between the moment the eels are born and when they arrive on the European coast takes two years," said Dr Eizaguirre.
"So we can look at the currents and predict the number successfully arriving on the European coast so we have time to adjust management programmes."
This would mean that, if numbers were low, eel fishing quotas could be lowered until stocks recovered.
Homeward bound
How conservationists in the UK are trying to help European eels swim upstream
By combining their modelling with genetic analysis, the researchers now believe that each eel returns to the spot where it was born - similar to turtles and salmon.
"This is a new finding," said Dr Miguel Baltazar-Soares, from the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research and the lead author of the study.
"So far it was assumed that the mating in the Atlantic takes place completely independently of the area of origin. Future scientific expeditions will have to verify this result in situ."
The scientists say that the first draft of the eel's genome, which will be available in the coming months, might shed new light on just how these slippery creatures manage to navigate the ocean so accurately.
"Is it the Earth's geomagnetic field as some believe?" posed Dr Eizaguirre.
"Or do they have large numbers of olfactory genes like turtles, and somehow find the smell of home?"
"It is the one million dollar question," he said.

Monday, January 13, 2014

鰻魚 電子書




The Eel 

xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19893118/.../The%2520Eel%2520buku.pdf

由 FW Tesch 著作 

Tuesday, January 07, 2014

日本: 養殖鰻魚苗成本大量低

水産庁、ウナギ稚魚大量生産へ研究本格化 

2014/1/8 0:42
日本経済新聞 電子版
 水産庁は2014年度から、漁獲量が大幅に減っているウナギの稚魚(シラスウナギ)の大量生産に向けた研究を始める。ウナギの価格が高騰し、家庭の食卓から遠のいているためだ。低いコストでたくさんの稚魚を養殖する技術を開発し、国産ウナギを安く食べられるようにする。
 現在のウナギ養殖は海岸で捕まえた天然のシラスウナギを育てて出荷している。卵を産ませてシラスウナギにする技術もあるが、多額の投資が必要で、…

Tuesday, December 24, 2013

ウナギ稚魚豊漁

ウナギ稚魚、豊漁スタート 台湾・中国で漁獲量20倍 
取引価格、昨年ピークの3分の1

2013/12/24 23:07
日本経済新聞 電子版
 ウナギの養殖に使う稚魚(シラスウナギ)の漁がアジアで好調な出足だ。資源枯渇が深刻な近年は極端な不漁が続いていたが、漁の始まった台湾や中国の漁獲量が前年の同時期に比べて20倍程度となっている。取引価格は昨年のピークの3分の1程度に下がっている。
 日本国内のウナギ養殖業者は冬から春にかけて取れるシラスを仕入れて育て、夏以降に出荷する。11月以降に漁が始まった台湾や中国での漁獲量は業界推計で5トンを超…
関連キーワード
シラスウナギ、ウナギ稚魚、ウナギ、漁獲量